Nonlocality and nonseparability of quantum and relativistic systems

Full English text

Nonlocality and nonseparability of quantum and relativistic systems

 Our article was finally published, yet in Russian:  

Belinsky A V, Dzhadan I I "Nonlocality and nonseparability of quantum and relativistic systems" Phys. Usp. 69 (2) (2026)

DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2025.08.040002
URL: https://ufn.ru/en/articles/2026/2/f/ 

Additional explanations was done in the English preprint:

Principles of Physics and violation of Bell inequalities in relativistic experiments

Igor Dzhadan

Email

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8427458/v1 

Examples of violations of Bell inequalities in Special relativity theory (SRT) have led to the need to look for the causes of violations outside of quantum mechanics (QM) and possibly outside of physics. The ability to derive Bell inequalities (BI) from set properties allows us to find the necessary condition for violations: the relativity of sets. At the same time, a necessary condition of a physical theory is the subjective independence (SI) of its propositions. This kind of objectivism, together with the principle of a priori maximum possible ignorance (AMPI), leads to the use of flat spaces in fundamental theories such as QM and SRT, where the principles of SI and AMPI can be implemented. In turn, the measurable quantities represented in spaces turn out to be relative. In this respect, SRT is not much different from QM. This proximity predetermines BI violation in both cases and in both cases the violation of BIs confirms the subject-independent nature of physics. In a classic Gedankenexperiment was demonstrated, that the violation of BI does not contradict the presence of hidden parameters if they are represented by relative quantities. However, the question arises: are relative properties and quantities indeed local?

The violation of 'local realism' and Zeilinger's experiment emulated by classical means

Abstract

It is generally accepted that the violation of 'local realism' is a distinctive feature of quantum systems, and it cannot be modeled by classical means. Our pilot study shows that this is actually possible. When analyzing the emulation of well-known 'quantum paradoxes', it turns out that the key role in their occurrence is played by the operation of the coincidence counter, which differently distinguishes a subset of entangled pairs from the set of all registrations. Its operation leads to the illusion of instantaneous 'spooky action' and 'retroactive eraser', when changing the system setting changes the settings of statistical sampling from data collected in the past. In the light of new thought experiments, the 'collapse' of the wave function can be interpreted in a subjective manner, as a change in the practical attitude of the experimenter's mind, which does not contradict however the objective nature of reality. In this case, the wave function is only a way of describing statistical 'ensembles' in the Blokhintsev's sense. The presence of non-classical interference between distant macroscopic cyclic processes should lead to non-local effects in animate and inanimate nature and in the human brain.

Delayed choice quantum eraser: сlassic emulation

 There is an opinion that experiments with delayed choice quantum eraser cannot be emulated by classical methods. However, this opinion is not true.

Let's conduct the following thought experiment: imagine that in the direction of Alice and Bob, whose laboratories are located at a distance in space, not pairs of particles are launched, but pairs of macroscopic arrows at different random angles in a certain plane (YZ). All participants in the experiment know in advance that each pair is launched at the same angle to the Z-axis, but if we take many pairs of launched pairs, the angles are randomly distributed between the pairs of arrows. It is also known that if one arrow in a pair is directed with its nose in one direction, then the other - in strictly opposite direction.

The registration of arriving arrows in each space laboratory is as follows: at the edge of a circular hole in the plane (YZ) in the spacecraft of Alice and Bob, which are distant from each other, through which the arrows fly, there is a registration sensor directed to the center of the hole. He knows how to register the 'nose' or 'tail' of the arrow. If the arrow is turned towards it with the nose at least at a small angle, the arrow sensor registers the 'nose'. If on the contrary, then the 'tail'. For clarity, we can assume that there are red lights on the 'noses', and green ones on the 'tails', and only one of the two lights is visible to the detector.

In the diagram, the holes in the walls of the space laboratories of Alice and Bob are superimposed on one another. During the experiment, a strict arrangement of these holes in parallel planes is maintained. Alice's and Bob's pointers for registering arrows are mutually located as shown in the diagram: at an angle φ.

The nonlocality theorem of 'Another' and the 'hard problem of consciousness'

 While in Plato the Soul, with the help of Reason, learns sciences, in Aristotle it itself is an object of scientific study. The states of the soul, according to Aristotle, come from the state of the body. In modern terms, consciousness is an 'epiphenomenon' of the body: and if the body corresponds to certain characteristics (functions), it should necessarily be interpreted as the presence of consciousness or 'mind'.

In another way, this idea can be formulated through the 'principle of supervenience': 'it cannot be so that one state of the body would correspond to two different states of consciousness, the opposite is quite possible'. The principle of supervenience puts mind and body in unequal, asymmetric relations, where the source of causation, movement and, in general, any change is the body, and consciousness is like a 'mirror'.

It follows that if the body is in the state of F, possessing consciousness, then it cannot be in the same state of F, and at the same time be a soulless 'zombie'.

Any suitable body is 'infused' with mind - this is the opinion of the functionalists. Of course, 'suitable' means the state of a living, healthy (or nearly healthy) human body.

The paradox is that modern physical theory is such that it does not just allow, but requires the existence of 'zombie twins', that is, living bodies that are obviously have not consciousness. We have formulated this statement in the form of a theorem.

The theorem on the nonlocality of another consciousness

Formulation:

Let Ψ1 be the consciousness of one, and Ψ2 is the consciousness of the other, and if the temporary localization of Ψ1 is determined from the point of view of himself, then either 1) from the point of view of Ψ1, the localization of Ψ2 is not determined, or 2) the special theory of relativity is false.

Non-formal proof:

Since in the special theory of relativity, simultaneity depends on the choice of a frame of reference, then along with a change in the frame of reference, the relative time localization of events that are distant from each other also changes. Events A and B, which were simultaneous in one of the frames of reference, in another - in a time order, can be located one after the other.

To begin with, let us choose a frame of reference in which events A and B occur simultaneously:

1) consciousness Ψ1 is present in the body of F1 drinking wine (event A), and

2) consciousness Ψ2 - is present in the body of F2, contemplating the surroundings (event B).

It would seem that both minds from any point of view are localized in time. However, in reality this cannot be. After all, if the body of the owner of consciousness Ψ1 changes its speed, then in the new frame of reference in which it finds itself, events A and B for it will no longer be simultaneous!

New SRT interpretation

For lovers of physics and philosophy, let me present the Special Theory of Relativity (SRT) in a new simple interpretation.

The derivation of the basic relations of SRT ( Lorentz transformations) is possible from the coordinate transformations of rotation on the Euclidean plane by means of a new geometric interpretation of relativistic measurements.

1)      We arbitrarily choose an orthogonal coordinate system with the origin of coordinates O on the Euclidean plane and denote it by the axes: (X, Y '). Let's rotate it through the angle α. The rotated system will be denoted by the axes (X ', Y).

Let us express the coordinates of point A in the original system (X, Y ') through its coordinates in the rotated system (X', Y):

x = x'⋅cosα + y⋅sinα

y'= y⋅cosα - x'⋅sinα

1) ⇒ 2)

2) x = (x'– y⋅sinα) / cosα

    y = (y'+ x⋅sinα) / cosα

 3) All that remains for us is to give the correct physical interpretation of what is shown in the figure. This is not difficult if we assume that the localized consciousness of the observer S moves in one direction parallel to the Y axis, passing the point-event A.

 As can be seen from 2), the coordinate y' is "lagging'' in relation to y, and x' experiences a 'contraction of the length of the moving rod'!

 When replacing y by ct, y' by ct', sinα = v / c, cosα = (1 - (v / c) ²) ^1/2, it turns out that the rod moving relative to the observer S is defined for S as a rod of length:

 x⋅cosα = x⋅ (1 - (v / c) ²) ^½

 At the same time, in the frame of reference (cT ', X) moving with respect to S, the rod is at rest, and its length is equal to x.

The time observed from S on the cT' scale will lag behind the readings observed by S on the cT scale in the direction of movement of the observer S: ct '= ct⋅cosα.

 Returning to point 2): in it, the equation for x - corresponds to the direct Lorentz transformation, and the equation for y = ct - to the inverse Lorentz transformation:

 x = (x'– t⋅v) / (1 - (v / c) ²) ^1/2

 ct = (ct '+ x⋅v /c) / (1 - (v / c) ²) ^1/2

 Thus, the physical interpretation of SRT effects is possible if we assume the motion of the localized 'Ego' of the observer in Euclidean space, where the direction of motion acts as 'proper time'. In this case, the coordinate transformations of the time and distance measurement data, in fact, correspond to the coordinate transformations during the transition from one rectangular Cartesian coordinate system to another, rotated by a certain angle with respect to the first. All the features of these transformations are explained by a specific physical interpretation, or in another way: by special rules for linking measurement data to coordinate axes.

The above can be formulated in a shorter way: the standard interpretation of SRT is misleading as to the true nature of space-time. This misconception stems from a misunderstanding of the measurement of spatial distances. In the general case, the result of the measurement carried out by a stationary observer should be attributed to a moving frame of reference. And vice versa: the result of measuring the distance, carried out by a moving observer, should be attributed to a stationary frame of reference. If in this way we correlate measurements with coordinate axes, the whole SRT is geometrically described in 4-dimensional Euclidean space-time, which, if desired, can be considered Kantian in the philosophical sense of the word.

 

T-90MS vs Land Rover, HD video

No new details of the tank, just a good resolution video:

T-90MS again...

New video from UVZ/Gur-khan source:

PAK DA news

Russian source reports PAK DA is developed by Sukhoi, 120 t class, and will be equipped with 4 Al-41 engines. It means Sukhoi has finally won competition with Tupolev for PAK DA program. The new prospective bomber will have the same range like Tu-160 (14+ thousand kms) and will gradually replace Tu-95 (60+ units), Tu-160 (15 units) and partially Tu-22M3. The technical-economic reasons played important role in the decision, the better shape of Sukhoi design house too. To make an adequate replacement  for such high number of planes  by Tu-160 size bombers (a new kind or refurbished)  is impossible, they said.

Su-34 crew work and other video

From 'Zvezda-TV'

Hi-Res T-90MS video

High-resolution T-90MS (early variant) testing video is published in Internet. It's a part of UVZ corporative presentation ( on 9:45 min). The language is Russian, however, no new  verbal information is included. Url for downloading. Source.

FCS 'Kalina'

FCS 'Kalina' was presented 1st time in the last N-Tagil-2011 mil. show/

source

Whale Jump

An interesting book about how two American immigrants in Russia developed the FCS for Kilo-class submarines. Unfortunately, only the abstract is translated in English:

“Whale Jump” is an extremely complex emergency surfacing
manoeuvre, which can save a submarine in distress, provided that its
captain and crew have courage, experience and determination. An
action taken in extreme circumstances by a talented and brave leader
and his team to save the day can be called a “Whale Jump”.
“Whale Jump” is the name of this book, about the creation of the
command system of Soviet submarine Project 877 (Kilo class) also
known as “Varshavyanka”.
“Whale Jump” is a historical account of how the submarine’s
combat and navigation system “Usel” (Russian for “The Knot”) came
into being.
“Varshavyanka” and “Usel” are still deployed in the 2st century by
the navies of Russia, India, China, Iran, Algeria and other countries.
Their creation 40 years ago has tied an incredible «destiny knot»
of many peoples’ lives – a Leningrad team of young and enthusiastic
developers and their forever to be loved teachers and leaders: Philip
Staros and Josef Berg, talented American engineers of amazing and
tragic fates. More than once they had to execute a “Whale Jump”, was
luck always with them?
Intelligence service conflicts, daring scientific endeavors, collaboration
with the great creators of submarines, aircraft and spacecraft, the
emergence, development and downfall of Soviet microelectronics, all
formed the destiny knot described in this book.
The author, Mark Galperin, was born in Leningrad and educated at
LITMO University. He joined the design bureau headed by Philip Staros
as a student and worked under his guidance for 14 years. Mark was the
first deputy to Philip Staros in the “Usel” design and was awarded the
State Award of the USSR for his part in the Varshavyanka project. He
now resides in Australia.

T-90MS ERA&ammo layout

Ammo formula: 22 + 8 + 10

source

New AIP modules in Russia - brief report

TsKB Rubin is testing an AIP generator for submarines, RIAN reported in Sep 13 according to Rubin's Gen Director Andrey Dyachkov. He criticized the German hydrogen elements for flammability of their storage. The currently developed Russian AIP is built on the same electro-chemical generation principle, as hydrogen elements, but uses different less flammable reagents. The chemical ingredients used in the new AIP are not disclosed however. Like foreign analogs the last Russian AIP is built in plug-in module. Dyachkov also said Rubin is working in parallel to improve the lithium-ion batteries for subs. Currently the installation of lithium-ion batteries allows to make underwater  time longer on 40%, while it's only 35-40% of the theoretically limits of this technology.

(to note:   4 years ago  on BRF discussions I have pointed out about signs of efforts for developing much more powerful lithium-ion batteries for submarines instead of less powerful lead or silver-zinc accumulators or unsafe and sub-powerful hydrogen elements.)

New video about Russian artillery: 'Plant № 9'

Т-90MS in move

Putin takes explanation of T-90MS specs. 550 mm against cumulative for hull and turret from the side.

Russian prospective tank engine

New information about Russian prospective tank engine was published recently in the  blog of a known blogger from UVZ . The engine A-85-3 (another name 12N360 )  was over successfully testes on T-95 in 2010 including high altitude and non-standard oils. It has nominal power of 1500 hp with option for uprating up to 2200 hp or derating to 1200-1350 hp. The automatics ensure  defense against overheat. Transmission characteristics are not disclosed yet. The engine is a 4-stroke X-shaped opposite diesel belongs to 2V serial, which includes also the engines for Sprut 125-mm light tank and BMD-3. It is developed by ChTZ, which is now a part of UVZ concern.

Specs:
- Power 1500 hp
- torque backup - 25%
- Fuel consumption - 217,9 g/kW*h (160 g/hp*h, 155 g/hp*h on derated ) - (MTU 883-1500 has only 170 g/hp*h)
- Rate - 2000 R/min
 - Mass - 1550 kg
- 1 hp/kg
- 1088 hp/m3 (MTU 883-1500 has only 949 hp/m3)
- 1845x900x830 (MTU 883-1500 has 1700x964x965)

For comparison the spec of V-93 (V-92S2F), V-92S2 tank diesels:
Lifespan -  1000, 1200 h

T-95 3D rendering

Russian journal 'Popular mechanics' published an article about T-95 tank with rather realistic 3D models based on previously leaked low resolution photos. The original issue of the journal can be downloaded here.

 

New information & pics of modernized T-90

(pic from here) 

This is the export-oriented modernized T-90S on the pictures. New modernization of T-90 named T-90AM for domestic army is slightly different. It has new 2A82 125 mm MG (2A46M-5 for export version) with improved autoloader allowing long rods using, with 22 ready to use rounds (40 rounds all), 70% better barrel lifspan. -10 - 45 grad vertical and 316 grad horizontal angle

Turret FCS complex called 'Kalina' has panoramic commander view PK PAN with IR camera, and gunner view PNM Sosna-U. Remote controlled 7.62 turret UDP T05BV-1, GLONASS+inertial navigation, improved radio (two independent stations) and tactical awareness system.

V-93 1130 hp engine giving 23 hp\t (for 49 t tank), steering wheel & automatic gear, chassis sensory control system. 

The ERA is Relict for improved performance against tandem rounds, maximal distance of penetration for APFSDS rods М829А2 is - 1km, М829А3 –  1,2km (NII Stali). +Shtora-2 modernized soft kill APS for incoming ATGMs. The APU is alternatively of two types:  5 kWt DGU5-P27.5V-VM1, or 7 kWt DGU7-P27.5V-VM1. Track pressure - 0.98 kg/cm2. The tank was promised early to be shown in N-Tagil show in 8-12 Sep.