While in Plato the Soul, with the help of Reason, learns sciences, in Aristotle it itself is an object of scientific study. The states of the soul, according to Aristotle, come from the state of the body. In modern terms, consciousness is an 'epiphenomenon' of the body: and if the body corresponds to certain characteristics (functions), it should necessarily be interpreted as the presence of consciousness or 'mind'.
In another way, this idea can be formulated through
the 'principle of supervenience': 'it cannot be so that one state of the body
would correspond to two different states of consciousness, the opposite is
quite possible'. The principle of supervenience puts mind and body in unequal,
asymmetric relations, where the source of causation, movement and, in general,
any change is the body, and consciousness is like a 'mirror'.
It follows that if the body is in the state of F,
possessing consciousness, then it cannot be in the
same state of F, and at the same time be a soulless 'zombie'.
Any suitable body is 'infused' with mind - this is the
opinion of the functionalists. Of course, 'suitable' means the state of a
living, healthy (or nearly healthy) human body.
The paradox is that modern physical theory is such
that it does not just allow, but requires the existence of 'zombie twins', that
is, living bodies that are obviously have not consciousness. We have formulated
this statement in the form of a theorem.
The theorem on the nonlocality of another consciousness
Formulation:
Let Ψ1 be
the consciousness of one, and Ψ2 is
the consciousness of the other, and if the temporary localization of Ψ1 is determined
from the point of view of himself, then either 1) from the point of view of Ψ1, the
localization of Ψ2 is
not determined, or 2) the special theory of relativity is false.
Non-formal proof:
Since in the special theory of relativity,
simultaneity depends on the choice of a frame of reference, then along with a
change in the frame of reference, the relative time localization of events that
are distant from each other also changes. Events A and B, which were
simultaneous in one of the frames of reference, in another - in a time order,
can be located one after the other.
To begin with, let us choose a frame of reference in
which events A and B occur simultaneously:
1) consciousness Ψ1 is
present in the body of F1 drinking wine (event A), and
2) consciousness Ψ2 -
is present in the body of F2, contemplating the surroundings (event B).
It would seem that both minds from any point of view
are localized in time. However, in reality this cannot be. After all, if the
body of the owner of consciousness Ψ1
changes its speed, then in the new frame of reference in which it finds itself,
events A and B for it will no longer be simultaneous!
